|
OF THE TREATISE ON INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY February, 2002
Compiled by the Treatise Editorial Office TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
INTRODUCTION From the outset the aim of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology has been to present a comprehensive and authoritative yet compact statement of knowledge concerning groups of invertebrate fossils. New sources of information and new tools for analysis, however, have broadened the scope of the venture. Documentation of taxa in the literature has increased, and the manner of documentation has changed. Moreover, technological improvements continue to alter the ways in which text and illustrations are processed. This manual is intended to aid Treatise authors and coordinators by supplementing the examples found in published volumes of the Treatise. Most volumes are prepared by a group led by one paleontologist who coordinates preparation of manuscript and selection of illustrations. Although some conformity is necessary, authors are given as much freedom as possible to express judgment on taxonomy, classification, morphological terminology, phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary trends, and similar matters. Where controversy exists, either within or outside the group producing the volume, concise statements of differing views are appropriate for inclusion in the Treatise. Authors are encouraged to organize the material in their part of the Treatise as thoroughly and objectively as possible. They select the illustrations, suggest arrangement of figures, and prepare a draft of the text. In arranging materials, each author should conform to the style described in this manual in order to maintain general uniformity. It is the responsibility of the staff of the Paleontological Institute to aid coordinators and authors during preparation of manuscript and figures. The responsibility for thoroughness in all phases of the work rests with authors. Firm designation of generic names and of type species of genera is essential. Sound judgment is also essential in the preparation of diagnoses; in the discussion of classification, morphology, and evolution; and in the selection of informative illustrations. The following instructions and suggestions are intended to answer some of the questions that may arise as authors prepare text and illustrations for the Treatise. Language. All text in the Treatise is written in or translated into English. We strive first for clarity of expression, second for brevity. Both are more easily achieved when sentence structure is kept simple and diction plain. The authority for spelling, hyphenation, and such matters is the unabridged Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, unless superceded by its chief abridgment, the more frequently revised Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition. Fowler's Modern English Usage is an authority on diction; recommended style manuals are the Chicago Manual of Style and the U.S. Geological Survey's Suggestions to Authors. Abbreviations and symbols.Except for such standard items as units of measure, abbreviations and symbols are to be avoided in Treatise manuscript and illustrations. Any author who finds the use of abbreviations or symbols unavoidable, such as for the notations of bivalve dentitions or echinoderm plates, must provide spelled-out equivalents and clear definitions. Submission of manuscript.Treatise manuscript consists of text, references, figure explanations for all sections other than the systematic descriptions, and tables. Footnotes are not allowed. Authors are urged to submit manuscript on 3.5-inch disks (Macintosh or PC format) or 100 MB Zip disk (for Macintosh) for word processing on our Macintosh computers. Our conversion program allows us to translate files from most commonly used word-processing programs, either PC or Macintosh format, into Microsoft Word for the Macintosh, the word-processing software used in the Paleontological Institute. Disks should be accompanied by a paginated paper copy, with text double-spaced on one side of white, 8.5-by-11-inch paper. A one-inch margin should be left all around for editorial marks, and no words should be hyphenated at the ends of lines. Authors should retain a copy for their files. It is very important that manuscript contain no special typesetting formats (e.g., italic, boldface, small caps); these will be inserted by the editorial office at a later stage. We strongly encourage authors to contact the editorial office for assistance if they have any questions. OUTLINE OF THE TREATISE VOLUME The first step in preparing a manuscript for the Treatise is to make a detailed outline for a systematic, coordinated treatment of the subject. Headings of first level, second level, and several additional levels should be set down. Because the outline determines the final organization of a volume, it should be as specific and detailed as possible. An example of an outline is given below. An outline such as this contains sufficient information to be useful to the editorial office, especially when it lists the names of authors who are responsible for each section.
Introduction The outline may vary somewhat among Treatise volumes since the study of each major group of invertebrate fossils is likely to be characterized by special areas of emphasis. Examples include genealogical classification of brachiopods and multivariate morphometrics of ostracodes. SECTIONS ON MORPHOLOGY AND RELATED TOPICS Descriptions of structural features or skeletal parts characteristic of a fossil group or the anatomy and ontogeny of its modern representatives should be presented in the first part of the section dedicated to the group. Part T, Echinodermata 2, for example, includes in this section chapters on recent crinoids and on the skeletal morphology, microstructure, and postlarval ontogeny of fossil forms. Additional discussion of morphology may be included under some of the main systematic subdivisions (see, e.g., Fusulinacea, Part C, Protista 2). It is not desirable, however, to divide the discussion of morphology into too many units. Descriptions of morphological features of fossils should make clear the essentials of skeletal organization in the taxa concerned. It is not possible to formulate general rules for handling such subject matter. In dealing with some featuresfor example, the cystoid advective systemit is neither necessary nor desirable to try to illustrate all known variation in form and placement. Description and illustration of selected, typical representatives are sufficient, especially if supplemented by a brief summary of the variation. Morphological terms should be defined concisely in a glossary. The glossary should indicate terms that are recommended for continued use and terms that are obsolete and recommended for disuse. Because readers of the Treatise need to be able to access the older literature, the glossary must provide meanings of terms recommended for disuse, typically by referring to a recommended synonym. All morphological features should be adequately illustrated. Simple diagrams are preferred. A single illustration should not be used to convey too many ideas. The clear illustration of morphological features may sometimes justify the use of several figures. For more information on the preparation of illustrations to be included in morphological sections of the Treatise, see the section on illustrations. SECTIONS ON EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS, ECOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY The evidence for evolutionary trends in each invertebrate group should be summarized. The paleontological evidence for different groups is not equal, and discussions may vary widely in length and in depth of treatment. Viewpoints are often subjective, and divergent interpretations of the evidence by different specialists are altogether acceptable. The contents and organization of the sections on paleoecology, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography can be expected to vary widely among groups of organisms. Ecology and paleoecology provide the stage upon which the evolutionary play is acted out. Paleoecology, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography are increasingly likely to be of interest to nonsystematists and should be treated exhaustively in the Treatise. One hopes that future volumes of the Treatise will contain selected cladograms and morphological matrices and that statements about phylogeny will be bolstered by phylogenetic analysis. At present, however, extensive use of phylogenetic analysis seems unlikely in the study of many groups of invertebrate fossils. For groups of invertebrate fossils that are not yet ready for full-fledged phylogenetic analysis, a major function of the Treatise will continue to be as a tool for investigation, phylogenetic and otherwise, rather than as a medium in which to publish current phylogenetic speculation, especially at the generic level. Doubts about the phylogenetic status of a taxon at any level should be noted. It is important to remember that despite the success of the phylogenetic methodology, influential schools of thought remain that espouse alternative methods, especially in the area of classification. A purpose of the Treatise will continue to be to provide sound information that all interested parties can manipulate and interpret as they see fit. Geographic distribution should be expressed in terms of present-day geographic or political-geographic entities. Significant features of paleogeographic distribution, however, should be indicated with reference to paleogeographic reconstructions based on plate-tectonic theory. SECTION ON CLASSIFICATION A discussion of classification is most informative if it includes a thorough history of the various classifications that have been proposed and the evolution of thinking that has led to the Treatise classification. Primarily, however, this section should present considerations pertaining to the classification adopted in the Treatise and a summary statement of the major subdivisions of the higher taxa. SECTION ON SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS The section devoted to systematic description is not necessarily more important than others, but it is indispensable and typically far exceeds other parts of the text in length. Arrangement of this sectionincluding headings, text, and illustrationsis hierarchical and in orderly sequence from higher taxa to genera. The final arrangement of systematic descriptions, of course, does not indicate the order in which work to prepare them should be undertaken. Commonly, genera are characterized before diagnoses of families and higher-rank taxa are written. One Treatise author reported that he found it advantageous, when dealing with a whole group of genera, to take up routine tasks firstdetermining firmly the type species and their dates, accumulating data on stratigraphic and geographic distribution, and noting the best sources of illustrationsand then to write generic and family diagnoses. Last, he reviewed the whole group to see that duplication and inconsistency were avoided. Authors preparing systematic descriptions should use a separate page (both in paper copy and in electronic copy) for each taxon, whatever its rank, so that the inevitable insertions and rearrangements are easy to accomplish. Manuscript prepared in this manner also has space for notes that may help in organizing information but that are not to be included in the final text. Stratigraphic range charts to the series or stage level are prepared by the Treatise editorial staff using data from the systematic descriptions. In all instances, authors should report stratigraphic ranges in the series or stages currently adopted by the relevant international stratigraphic commission or working group and present such information with an eye to indicating special features useful in stratigraphic paleontology. Authors will find it helpful to consult the section on stratigraphic divisions in the editorial prefaces of Part G, Bryozoa and subsequent volumes of the Treatise published after 1996. Diagnoses of genera and higher taxa in the Treatise are written in telegraphic style. Authors who are unfamiliar with telegraphic style, especially those whose first language is not English, are encouraged to prepare manuscript in standard prose. Converting such prose into proper telegraphic style is much easier for the Treatise editorial staff than deciphering the meaning of unclear or improperly constructed telegraphic style. Suprageneric Taxa Systematic descriptions of suprageneric taxa begin with a centered heading that includes rank, taxon name, author, and date. This is followed by a more complete statement containing page reference and relevant nomenclatural information enclosed in square brackets. If there are synonyms, these follow in another set of square brackets. Synonyms are arranged chronologically, and partial synonyms are denoted by the word partim. The following examples, from Part L, Revised, Mollusca 4, Volume 4, demonstrate this basic arrangement: Subfamily CRASPEDITINAE Spath, 1924
Subfamily PUZOSIINAE Spath, 1922 The next paragraph, the diagnosis, includes all information essential for definition of the taxon as well as citations of pertinent literature. This paragraph concludes with a statement of stratigraphic range. No statement of geographic range is needed at this taxonomic level. A third paragraph may be included for supplemental discussion of a suprageneric taxon. Genera and Subgenera Generic or subgeneric descriptions typically include: (1) the name of the genus or subgenus with its accompanying author, date, and page reference; (2) the type species; (3) synonyms of the genus or subgenus; (4) a diagnosis; (5) a statement of stratigraphic and geographic occurrence; and (6) figure explanations. A thorough discussion of nomenclatural and other issues pertaining to these entries may be found in the editorial preface of the most recent Treatise volume. Following are examples of each type of entry from Part H(R), Brachiopoda, vol. 2, as submitted by contributing authors.
Mclearnites Caster, 1945, p. 319, nom. nov. pro Mclearnia Caster, 1939, p. 28, non Crickmay, 1930 [*Brachyprion mertoni McLearn, 1924, p. 61; OD] [=Mclearnitesella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 131 (type, Mclearnites (M.) hickoxi,OD)]. Concavoconvex profile similar to Mesodouvillina; ornament usually uniformly costellate; denticles along one-third to one-half of hinge line; subtriangular ventral muscle field with strong bounding ridges posterolaterally only; open anteriorly; relatively small, erect cardinal process. Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)-Devonian (Lochkovian): Canada, USA. M. (Mclearnites). Similar to M. (Geniculomclearnites) but without dorsal geniculation. Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)-Devonian (Lochkovian): Canada, USA.----Fig. CNR166,a-c. *M. (M.) mertoni (McLearn), Stonehouse Formation, Prídolí-Lochkovian, Arisaig, Nova Scotia, Canada; a, ventral internal mold, GSC 19341, X1; b-c, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, GSC 19344, X1.5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).----Fig. CNR166,d-e. M. (M.) newsomensis (Foerste), Waldron Shale, Wenlock, Newsom, Nashville, Tennessee; ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, BMNH BB 31482, X1.5 (new).
Each author has responsibility for determining the correct spelling, authorship, publication date, and page reference of a genus or subgenus recognized as valid. Trustworthy determination of the type species is essential, and this responsibility should never be neglected or treated casually. The originally published name (with author, date, and page reference) is required in citing the type species, not merely the presently accepted name with author's name in parentheses. For example, the type species of Deltacrinus Ulrich, 1886, is cited as *Cheirocrinus clarus Hall, 1862, p. 116, not as *D. clarus (Hall), 1862, p. 116. How the type species was designated must also be explicitly recorded. The page reference and the letters OD (original designation) are inserted after the name of a type species fixed by some form of original designation, e.g., *Cheirocrinus clarus Hall, 1862, p. 116; OD. SD is used for subsequent designation, followed by the name of the subsequent author, the date, and a page reference, e.g., Heterocrinus Hall, 1847, p. 278 [*H. heterodactylus; SD Wachsmuth & Springer, 1880, p. 70]. Objective synonyms should be identified by the abbreviation "obj." All other synonyms are taken to be subjective and the type species must be listed. Invalid original and subsequent spellings have varying status in nomenclature. It seems best to include them all with notation of their nature. Nomina nuda should also be included as a matter of information, even though they have no standing in nomenclature. Diagnosis.Each genus is diagnosed concisely by giving prominence to important distinguishing characters, generally by placing them at the beginning of the diagnosis. It is unnecessary to include in a generic diagnosis the features that characterize its family or subfamily. Authors are urged to avoid this practice, for it is time-consuming and difficult to correct editorially. Authors are encouraged to include special taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on genera as well as additional documentation of the generic concept. Such information should be placed at the end of the diagnosis and enclosed in square brackets. Stratigraphic and geographic occurrence.The summary of stratigraphic and geographic ranges follows the diagnosis and any nomenclatural notes. The stratigraphic range, spelled out in full, comes first, followed by the geographic range, as in the following examples:
Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): cosmopolitan. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-lower Santonian): Madagascar, USA, Japan. Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Arenig): Wales, Spitsbergen, Asaphellus to D. bifidus Zones; Argentina, N. argentina to K. meridionalis Zones; Sweden, M. dalecarlicus Zone.
The exact presentation of stratigraphical and geographical information may vary between volumes, depending on the complexity of the information, but presentation should be consistent within volumes. Note that, in general, we list countries alone without reference to the continents on which they are found. Authors should avoid introducing such specialized notation as asterisks and the solidus or virgule, as the interpretation of such symbols is certain to vary among readers. Stratigraphic ranges of genera should be given to the series or stage level; geographic ranges should be given to the smallest geographic or geopolitical unit that is likely to be recognized readily by readers and may, in addition, refer to tectonic plates and subplates. Figure explanations.The arrangement of figure explanations may vary slightly between Treatise volumes, but the basic elements remain the same. These elements are illustrated in the following description from the brachiopod genus Serbarinia:
Fig. BLG515a-d. *S. kalugensis (Sarytcheva); a-b, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, lower Alexin, Moscow basin, MGRI 30/27, X0.5 (new); c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Sarytcheva, 1928).
The first element is the author's control number, BLG515, which is retained until just before publication, when the final, sequential numbers are inserted by the editorial office (see discussion of control numbers, p. 8). The next element is the name of the illustrated specimenin this instance, the type species, given in its present, corrected form. Thus, the type species of Serbarinia (listed as *Productus kalugensis Sarytcheva, 1928, p. 61 in the type species designation preceding the diagnosis) is given as *S. kalugensis (Sarytcheva) in the figure explanation. A description of the illustrated specimen is the next essential element of the figure explanation. If more than one view is provided, these views are labeled with lowercase letters (e.g., a, lateral view; b, dorsal view). The geographic locality of the specimen is given next. In general, geographic localities and stratigraphic ranges are included for an illustrated species only if the range or locality is more restricted than that given for the genus. Specimen numbers are included wherever possible. Kinds of type specimens referred to in figures should be restricted to holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, neotype, and topotype. Although geographic locality, stratigraphic range, and specimen number and type are optional elements, the final two elements, the magnification and the source of the illustration, are required. A new illustration should have the repository name and repository number of a specimen along with its magnification. REFERENCES Complete bibliographic references for all cited works are included in a separate section at the end of the Treatise volume. Reference lists should be alphabetically arranged, word-processed documents separated from the manuscript. A complete reference includes the following elements, separated by periods: (1) the surname of the author, followed by initials or, if there is only one initial, the full given name if known; (2) year of publication; (3) complete title; (4) journal or publication name, written out in full; (5) page, figure, and plate numbers, cited as first-to-last if part of a serial publication (e.g., p. 24-31, fig. 4, pl. 3-5) or as a total if independently numbered (e.g., 224 p., 3 fig., 18 pl.); and, for books or separate works, (6) publisher; and (7) place of publication. Except for standard abbreviations of volume, page, figure, and plate (vol., p., fig., and pl.), no abbreviations are used in the bibliography. Authors should include unabbreviated words describing numbers or letters that distinguish the publication: e.g., number 6, fascicule 2, livre 4, Band 2, Jahrgang 1923, Abteilung A, series C, Bulletin 1047, Memoir(e) 23, Paper 15, part 3. Titles in Cyrillic characters are transliterated (see the transliteration chart inAppendix 1), with an English translation provided in square brackets immediately following the transliterated title. Titles in other nonroman alphabets such as Chinese are given in English with a note at the end of the reference indicating language of composition. Titles in German and the Romance languages should not be translated. The following examples provide information on different kinds of bibliography entries. Alexander, R. R. 1986. Frequency of sublethal shell-breakage in articulate brachiopod assemblages through geologic time. In P. R. Racheboeuf & C. C. Emig, eds., Les Brachiopodes Fossiles et Actuels, Actes du 1er Congrès International sur les Brachiopodes, Brest 1985. Biostratigraphie du Paléozoïque 4:159-166, pl. 1. Al-Rikabi, I. 1992. A Molecular Approach to Palaeontology: Biochemical method applications of brachiopod proteins. Master of Science thesis. University of Glasgow. 116 p. Conrad, T. A. 1855. Remarks on the fossil shells from Chile, collected by Lieutenant Gilliss, with descriptions of the species. In J. M. Gilliss, United States Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849-'50-'51-'52. Supplementary Papers. A. O. P. Nicholson. Washington. p. 282-286, pl. 41-42. U.S. House of Representatives, 33rd Congress, First Session. House Executive Document 121, Serial Set 729. Dagys, A. S. 1968. Jurskiye i rannemelovye brakhiopody Severa Sibiri [Jurassic and Early Cretaceous brachiopods from northern Siberia]. Akademia Nauk SSSR Sibirskoe Otdelenie Institut Geologii i Geofiziki (IGIG) Trudy [Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Academy of Science of the USSR, Siberian Branch, Transactions] 41:167 p., 81 fig., 26 pl. Jope, H. M. 1965. Composition of brachiopod shell. In R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda. The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas Press. New York & Lawrence. p. 156-164. Logan, Alan, J. P. A. Noble, & G. R. Webb. 1975. An unusual attachment of a recent brachiopod, Bay of Fundy, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 49:557-558. Moore, R. C., ed. 1957. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part L. Mollusca 4, Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea. The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas Press. New York & Lawrence. xxii + 490 p., 558 fig. Williams, Alwyn. 1953. North American stropheodontids: Their morphology and systematics. Geological Society of America Memoir 56:67 p., 13 pl. Winberg, G. G. 1956. Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fishes. Trudy Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Minske 54:253 p. Translated from Russian by Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Translation Series 194, 1960. General Cooperation between contributing authors and the editorial office ensures that accurate, useful, and aesthetically pleasing illustrations are produced efficiently and economically. Treatise authors are responsible for selecting illustrations. Each illustration chosen must be referred to in the accompanying text, not merely in a figure explanation. Final figures are prepared at the editorial office, either from photographs or line drawings provided in unmounted, loose form in envelopes by authors or from previously published illustrations nominated by authors that are scanned at the editorial office (please note that scans of original photographs produce higher quality results than scans from other sources; authors should therefore make a good effort to supply original photographs to the Treatise office). Copies of all figures will be sent to authors for review, possible correction, and final approval before printing. All original photographs will then be returned to authors after the scanning process is completed. Authors are advised to note the maximum size of illustrations in a recent edition of the Treatise. A page-width figure is 12.7 cm wide; a single-column figure is 6.1 cm wide; and the maximum length of a figure is 18.8 cm. Figures should be carefully planned with these dimensions in mind. Fold-out and pocket illustrations are unacceptable. Stereophotographic pairs may be used sparingly and must be planned to provide a 63 mm horizontal distance between paired features at final size. Treatise illustrations fall into two categories, introductory and systematic. Figures appearing in introductory sections include maps, stratigraphic range charts, and biological and morphological drawings or photographs. Figures accompanying the systematics sections are grouped taxonomically and illustrate the significant characters of described genera. For further guidelines for figure preparation, see Appendix 2. Control Numbers Authors must assign to all illustrations a unique identifier, called a control number. Control numbers consist of numbers and a three-letter prefix that suggests the name of the author or authors (e.g., PEJ143). Authors should use the same prefix throughout their entire manuscript or set of manuscripts. Do not use any punctuation or roman numerals in control numbers. Related illustrations, such as two views of the same specimen, may be differentiated by following the control number with a lowercase letter (e.g., PEJ143a and PEJ143b). Authors should use control numbers when referring to figures in the manuscript. They need not be in consecutive order in the manuscript and typically will not be, particularly as changes are made during the editorial process. Treatise editorial staff will replace all control numbers with sequential figure numbers in final page proofs. Introductory Figures Introductory figures often require a great deal of editorial work to make them conform to Treatise style, particularly figures that are line art. Authors who plan to submit computer-generated line art are required to contact the Treatise editorial office before submission of disks. At the Paleontological Institute we use Adobe Illustrator for the Macintosh for line art. It is entirely likely that line art figures created in other software packages will have to be completely redone by scanning into our system. Consultation with the editorial office will benefit both parties, ensuring that authors and editors do not duplicate efforts. Do not put labels, arrows, or projection lines in the artwork. Instead, submit a clean laser printout (not a xerox copy) without labels. To indicate where labels should be, submit a xerox copy with projection lines, arrows, and labels typewritten or written neatly by hand. See Appendix 2 for examples. Do not submit xerox copies as original line art. Line art figures should be submitted at 100% of publication size or larger if a reduction is desired. We do not enlarge figures. Tables and charts consist primarily of words and lines. Authors should type the contents, separated by tabs, in a word-processing application and submit rough, typewritten layouts. Tables and charts should not exceed Treatise page dimensions (single column, 6.1 cm; page width, 12.7 cm; and length of page, 18.8 cm). Introductory figure explanations.Figure explanations for the systematic sections have been discussed above (see page 7). Figure explanations for the introductory sectionsfor example, those that illustrate biology or morphologyshould be submitted as a separate word-processed document. Each explanation is a single paragraph beginning with the author's control number (control numbers are explained in the section above) and a brief statement of the subject of the figure. A succinct description of salient features follows, which may include magnifications and repository numbers. Figure explanations do not contain discussion, nor do they restate material from the text. The source of each figure, whether the figure is previously published or new, is to be clearly indicated in parentheses at the end of each explanation. A full bibliographical citation for previously published illustrations must be provided in the list of references. Systematic Figures When submitting systematic figures, authors should send illustrations of each genus in loose form, not arranged into assemblages. Xeroxes of figures are not acceptable as original artwork. All artwork should be submitted at 100% of publication size or larger if a reduction is desired. We do not enlarge figures. All illustrations will be arranged into figures by the editorial staff. Do not use staples, rubber cement, tape, or glue to fasten the original figures to paper. Please put loose parts of figures into envelopes labeled with genus name, control number, and source. A full bibliographical citation for previously published illustrations must be provided in the list of references. See Appendix 2 for guidelines for preparing figures and for examples of labeled figures. Organization of figures for systematics sections.The arrangement of individual illustrations into a single figure is guided by a few general rules, which have evolved both from the need for economy and the hierarchical nature of the systematics. The illustrations of all the genera in a family may require a series of figures rather than only one. If so, a figure in the series may illustrate part of the genera of a family, while another figure illustrates the rest. Parts of one family cannot be illustrated in a figure with parts of another family. On the other hand, two or more families with only a few genera may be illustrated in the same figure if the figure includes all the genera of each family. In addition, all views of one genus must be in the same figure. Nominations of Previously Published Illustrations If the author provides the editorial staff with a list of previously published illustrations from which scans of illustrations are to be made, the author should send photocopies of the illustrations. Authors should write the source on the photocopy, the magnification of the figure in the source, and the desired magnification in the Treatise (e.g., X3/X2). Both magnifications must also be placed in the figure explanation in the manuscript. We do not enlarge figures. As discussed above, a control number should be assigned to each nominated figure and should be used to refer to the figure in the manuscript. A full bibliographical citation for previously published illustrations must be provided in the list of references. If possible, authors should request all desired figures from one source at the same time. Should an author own a hard-to-find reference, the best procedure will be to mail the reference, properly insured, to the editorial office for scanning. See example below. Example of nominated figure submission: References for Figures If a photograph of a specimen has been previously published elsewhere, the reference at the end of the figure explanation designates the author and date of the publication. This is true even if an author submits the original photographs of the specimen used for the other publication. The designation new applies only to photographs not previously published elsewhere. Permission for Use of Copyrighted Figures Whether submitting loose illustrations or a list of sources for photographing, the author should ascertain whether the illustration is from a copyrighted publication. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to use copyrighted illustrations. Guidelines are provided below and in Appendix 3. The purpose of stringent copyright laws, of course, is to protect fiscally the intellectual property of authors. Many of these copyright laws were not designed with paleontology in mind, which typically has more intellectual than fiscal value. Nevertheless our science is caught up in the legal maelstrom. Following the suggestion of The University of Kansas General Counsel, contracts are distributed to authors when they submit illustrations and manuscript to the Paleontological Institute. The contracts specify that authors grant the rights to the Paleontological Institute to use authors' new manuscript and new illustrations to print and distribute Treatise volumes, reprints, and any future revisions. The contracts also grant permission to the Paleontological Institute to approve use of original illustrations in other scholarly publications. Another contract that authors sign and return to the Paleontological Institute warrants that authors have received permission to use all of the illustrations, whether previously published or original work, submitted or nominated for publication in the Treatise. Authors warrant that they have contacted either the author or the journal to receive permission to use the illustrations and have documentation on file that they have received permission or have made a good faith effort to obtain it. Guidelines for obtaining permissions can be found in Appendix 3. Permission may be needed for illustrations that are not new. Such illustrations include those that have been altered slightly (without changing the intent of the original) and those produced from an existing negative that does not belong to the Treatise author. Authors should keep a file of their efforts; the editorial office does not need copies of this correspondence. After receiving permission for all copyrighted figures, authors should sign the contract and return it to the editorial office. Authors should notify the Paleontological Institute at the time they return their contract if any copyright holder has requested special recognition for the use of their figures (for example, if a copyright holder should specify that a permission line read, "photograph courtesy of Holt, Inc., ©1963"). Please contact the editorial office with any further questions you may have.
Paleontological Institute Editorial Staff
Roger L. Kaesler, Director
The above document requires Adobe® Acrobat Reader 3.0 or later. Appendix 2: Guidelines for preparing figures and examples of labeled figures DO provide photographs at 100% of publication size or larger. We do not enlarge figures. DO NOT trim or crop around edges of specimens in photographs. We will remove the backgrounds with our graphics software. Include a xerox with edges marked if boundary of specimen is unclear.
DO write the following on the back of each photograph or on the front of each xerox for nominated figures (see Fig. 1, below): 1. control number that consists of three initials for identification of Treatise author, a number, and, if needed, a lowercase letter to indicate the part of a figure (for example, for Jane LeValley Kerns: JLK123; or JLK123a, JLK123b); 2. genus name and species name where appropriate; 3. bibliographic source, including author and year; and 4. magnification of the photograph or nominated figure and the desired magnification in the Treatise (e.g., X2/1). DO make an effort to submit original photographs of specimens. DO NOT send photographs of sources or photographs of photographs; we will scan sources or original photographs at the Paleo Institute for better results.
DO put loose photographs into envelopes labeled with control number and genus name. DO NOT attach any figures to manuscript pages. DO NOT use staples, rubber cement, or tape on figures. DO indicate labels on a xerox copy of the figure (see Fig. 2b, below). DO NOT put any labels on the original of line art figures (see Fig. 2a, below).
DO send a xerox copy of each nominated figure labeled with control number, genus name, reference, source magnification and the desired magnification in the Treatise (e.g., X2/1). See example above.
DO consult with the Paleontological Institute before preparing any computer-generated introductory figures.
DO contact the Paleontological Institute if you have any questions. Example of labeled figures:
Appendix 3: Guidelines for Obtaining Permissions
There is no need to obtain permission to use any illustrations from publications in these categories: 1) Anything published before 1923; such publications are in the public domain. 2) U.S. Government documents; they are in the public domain. 3) Anything published in Ameghiniana, Publicaciones Especiales de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Palaeontology, Journal of Paleontology, publications of the Geological Society of America, Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Paläontologische Zeitschrift, Palaeontographica (Abt. A), Fossils and Strata, Lethaia, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Palaios, or Paleobiology. The Treatise office has received blanket permission from the sponsoring societies of these journals, and we are continuing to negotiate with several other major societies. We would appreciate any assistance in this area from those authors who are on editorial boards and on boards of professional societies.
You must obtain permission to use any illustrations that were published in the US after 1922. Keep the following in mind as you prepare to obtain permission: 1) Regarding both American and foreign journals, the absence of a copyright symbol may not be enough evidence that the journal is not copyrighted. It is better to write and obtain permission than to assume that the material is not copyrighted. 2) Regarding foreign journals, please refer to Circular 38a, from the US Copyright Office (http: www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/) for guidelines for specific countries. Contact our office if you do not have web access and we will furnish you with a copy. 4) If you have attempted to contact the journal and find that it is defunct or has moved without a forwarding address, keep the returned letter on file as evidence of your good-faith effort to secure permission to use the illustrations. 5) If an author is deceased, make a reasonable attempt to contact other authors. If all are deceased, make a reasonable effort to contact surviving family members or the representatives of the estate(s). 6) If you obtain an illustration by electronic transmission, over the Internet, or from someone other than the originator of the illustration, contact the illustrator for permission. You cannot assume that the person who transmitted the illustration has permission to transmit it or owns the copyright.
Below is a sample permission letter stating all the necessary conditions. Please use this as a guide when you are composing your requests. To Whom It May Concern:
We request permission to use the following illustrations in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, [Specify part and title here], Roger L. Kaesler, Editor.
[Specify JOURNAL NAME, SPECIFIC FIGURE NUMBERS]
The Treatise is a nonprofit endeavor sponsored by the Geological Society of America, the Paleontological Society, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), the Palaeontographical Society, and the Palaeontological Association. It is published jointly by the Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas. May we please have nonexclusive world rights? These rights do not restrict replication of your illustrations by you or others authorized by you. Prompt consideration of this request will be very much appreciated. Please sign below to indicate your consent to this request. A duplicate copy of this request is enclosed for your files. Thank you for your assistance.
Your signature Your title
Permission is hereby granted for one-time use of the material cited above in the manner indicated.
Date ______________ Signature _______________________
Title __________________________
|
